Description
Introduction. A Competency-Based Approach to Outdoor Leadership Professional Competency Defined Framing Practice: Using Professional Competencies to Define Professional Practice Emergence of a Competency-Based Approach to Outdoor Leadership Eight Core Competencies in Outdoor Leadership Connecting the Dots Drawing Connections Selected References Part I. Foundations of Outdoor Leadership Chapter 1. The Journey Begins Defining What We Do Outdoor Leadership in Recreational Contexts Outdoor Leadership in Educational Contexts Outdoor Leadership in Therapeutic Contexts Summary Selected References Chapter 2. History of Outdoor Leadership Early History Dude Ranches and Guide Services Organized Camping Movement and Schools Scouting Movement Outward Bound Movement National Outdoor Leadership School Further Developments, Trends, and Issues Summary Selected References Chapter 3. Outdoor Leadership as Professional Practice Elements of Outdoor Leadership as a Profession Professional Development in Outdoor Leadership Sites for Engagement and Employment Starting a Career in Outdoor Leadership Summary Selected References Chapter 4. Cultural Competency and Social Justice Literacy Key Definitions Cultural Competency Social Justice Literacy Organizational Competency Social Justice Literacy, Risk, and Psychological First Aid Summary Selected References Part II. Outdoor Leadership Theory Chapter 5. Theories of Leadership History of Leadership Early Leadership Theories Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership Contemporary Leadership Theories Summary Selected References Chapter 6. Leadership in Practice Leadership Qualities and Competencies Leaders Identified Leadership Power Leadership Models Summary Selected References Chapter 7. Decision Making and Judgment Judgment Decision-Making Process Decision-Making Models Decision-Making Methods Decision Making and Leadership Styles Ethics and Decision Making Summary Selected References Part III. Teaching and Facilitation Chapter 8. Understanding Facilitation Goals of Facilitation Challenges in Facilitation Developing Facilitation Skills Summary Selected References Chapter 9. Facilitating Personal Development Nature of Human Development Theories of Human Development Considerations for Outdoor Leadership Summary Selected References Chapter 10. Facilitating Interpersonal Development Group Development Process of Group Development Applying Tuckman's Model to Leadership Coleadership Expedition Behavior Implications for Practice Summary Selected References Chapter 11. Aerial Adventure Leadership Aerial Adventure Profession Challenge Course Programs Key Leadership Functions Leader Competencies Inclusion Summary Selected References Chapter 12. Teaching Strategies Experiential Education Outdoor Teaching Techniques Lesson Planning Summary Selected References Part IV. Recreation Resource and Program Management Chapter 13. Parks and Protected Areas Management General Concepts in Recreation Resource Management Parks and Protected Areas Management in the United States International Parks and Protected Areas Considerations for Using Parks and Protected Areas Summary Selected References Chapter 14. Environmental Stewardship Environmental Ethics Ecological Literacy Education for Sustainability Leave No Trace Summary Selected References Chapter 15. Program Management Program Design Administrative Duties Sustainability Budgeting and Finance Summary Selected References Chapter 16. Safety and Risk Management Risk Management Frameworks Risk Management Processes Emergency Management Decision Making and Judgment in Risk Management Legal Aspects of Risk Management Summary Selected References Chapter 17. Expedition Planning Trip Purpose PREPARE System Logistics Summary Selected References Chapter 18. Assessment and Evaluation Fundamentals of Assessment and Evaluation Areas of Assessment Common Assessment Tools Summary Selected References Outdoor Leadership Organizations Glossary Index
Bruce Martin, PhD, is a professor and department chair in the department of recreation, sport pedagogy, and consumer sciences at Ohio University, where he teaches both theoretically oriented and practically based courses related to outdoor leadership, adventure programming, and experiential education. He has been in higher education since 1998 and has significant experience as an outdoor leader and instructor, working as a camp counselor, professional river guide, and Outward Bound instructor. He holds certifications through the American Canoe Association as a whitewater kayak instructor trainer and open-water coastal kayak instructor. Martin has served in varying capacities for professional organizations such as the Association for Experiential Education, the Wilderness Education Association, the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics, the American Canoe Association, and the Association for Outdoor Recreation and Education. He is the recipient of both the Ohio University Outstanding Advisor Award (2020) and the Patton College of Education Distinguished Faculty Research Award (2015). Martin is also author of numerous publications related to outdoor leadership and adventure programming. Mary Breunig, PhD, is an associate professor in the department of recreation, park, and tourism administration at California State University in Sacramento. She previously served as an associate professor in the department of recreation and leisure studies and as graduate program director of the social justice and equity studies program at Brock University in Canada. She has been involved in outdoor and experiential education, with a focus on social and environmental justice, for more than 20 years. Breunig is a research consultant, a past president and current member of the Association for Experiential Education, a former Outward Bound instructor, and a National Outdoor Leadership School instructor. In 2019, Breunig was awarded the Kurt Hahn Address honor by the Association for Experiential Education. She is both an outdoor enthusiast and an urban flaneur. Mark Wagstaff, EdD, is a professor emeritus of recreation, parks, and tourism at Radford University in Radford, Virginia. He taught outdoor leadership and adventure education in a university setting for more than 20 years and has led extended expeditions to develop outdoor leaders for more than 30 years. Wagstaff worked in the challenge course industry for many years and was an instructor for Outward Bound and the Wilderness Education Association as well as being certified as a Leave No Trace Master Educator. He has authored books, chapters, and journal articles on outdoor-related topics, and he is a cofounder of the Virginia Adventure Education Conference. He currently serves as the park interpreter at Occoneechee State Park in Clarksville, Virginia. Marni Goldenberg, PhD, is a professor in the experience industry management department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. She teaches courses in recreation, parks, and tourism administration with a focus on outdoor and adventure leadership. She has instructed courses for the Wilderness Education Association and North Carolina Outward Bound School and worked as a ropes course and team-building facilitator for more than 30 years. She holds the Leave No Trace Master Educator certification. Her research focuses on outcomes and benefits associated with participating in recreation and outdoor experiences. She has received several awards for her teaching, research, and service and has several publications and presentations on various outdoor and adventure topics.