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Introduction An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise The Evolution of Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology in the 21st Century Research: Turning Curiosity Into Science Part I. Exercising Muscle Chapter 1. Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle Fiber Contraction Muscle Fiber Types Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism Energy Substrates Controlling the Rate of Energy Production Storing Energy: High-Energy Phosphates The Basic Energy Systems Interaction of the Energy Systems The Crossover Concept The Oxidative Capacity of Muscle Chapter 3. Neural Control of Exercising Muscle Structure and Function of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Sensory-Motor Integration Chapter 4. Hormonal Control During Exercise The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: An Overview Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes During Exercise Hormonal Regulation of Caloric Intake Growth Hormone and Testosterone Part II. Energy Expenditure and Fatigue Chapter 5. Energy Expenditure Measuring Energy Expenditure Estimating Energy Expenditure Predicting Energy Expenditure Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise Chapter 6. Fatigue, Muscle Soreness, and Muscle Cramps Fatigue and Its Causes Critical Power: The Link Between Energy Expenditure and Fatigue Muscle Soreness Exercise-Induced Muscle Cramps Part III. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function Chapter 7. The Cardiovascular System and Its Control The Heart The Vascular System Blood Chapter 8. The Respiratory System and Its Regulation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Volumes Pulmonary Diffusion Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Gas Exchange at the Muscles Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation Afferent Feedback From Exercising Limbs Exercise Training and Respiratory Function Chapter 9. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise Respiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Recovery From Acute Exercise Part IV. Exercise Training Chapter 10. Principles of Exercise Training Terminology General Principles of Training Resistance Training Programs Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Training Programs Chapter 11. Adaptations to Resistance Training Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength Interaction Between Resistance Training and Diet Resistance Training for Special Populations Chapter 12. Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Adaptations to Aerobic Training Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training Specificity of Training and Cross-Training Chapter 13. Prescription of Exercise for Health and Fitness Health Benefits of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Exercise and Cognitive Function Physical Activity Recommendations Health Screening Exercise Prescription Sedentary Behavior Monitoring Exercise Intensity Exercise Programming Exercise and Rehabilitation of People with Diseases Part V. Environmental Influences on Performance Chapter 14. Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments Body Temperature Regulation Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat Acclimation to Exercise in the Heat Exercise in the Cold Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold Chapter 15. Altitude, Hyperbaric Environments, and Microgravity Environmental Conditions at Altitude Physiological Responses to Acute Altitude Exposure Exercise and Sport Performance at Altitude Acclimation: Chronic Exposure to Altitude Altitude: Optimizing Training and Performance Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude Hyperbaric Environments Microgravity Part VI. Optimizing Performance in Sport Chapter 16. Training for Sport Optimizing Training Periodization of Training Overtraining Tapering for Peak Performance Detraining Chapter 17. Nutrition, Body Composition, and Obesity Classification of Nutrients Water and Electrolyte Balance Nutrition and Athletic Performance Assessing Body Composition Body Composition, Weight, and Sport Performance Obesity Weight Loss Management Guidelines Role of Physical Activity in Weight Management and Risk Reduction Chapter 18. Ergogenic Aids in Sport Researching Ergogenic Aids Ergogenic Aids with Established Evidence of Efficacy Ergogenic Aids with Emerging Evidence of Efficacy Prohibited Substances and Techniques Part VII. Special Considerations in Sport, Exercise, and Physical Activity Chapter 19. Children and Adolescents in Sport and Exercise Growth, Development, and Maturation Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training Physical Activity Patterns Among Youth Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Adolescents Sport Performance and Specialization Special Issues Chapter 20. Aging in Sport and Exercise Height, Weight, and Body Composition Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training Recommended Physical Activity Sport Performance Special Issues Chapter 21. Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise Sex Versus Gender in Exercise Physiology Body Size and Composition Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training Sport Performance Special Issues Chapter 22. Cardiovascular Disease and Physical Activity Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Forms of Cardiovascular Disease Understanding the Disease Process Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reducing Risk Through Physical Activity Risk of Heart Attack and Death During Exercise Exercise Training and Rehabilitation of Patients with Heart Disease
W. Larry Kenney, PhD, is the Marie Underhill Noll Chair in Human Performance and a professor of physiology and kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University at University Park. He received his PhD in physiology from Penn State in 1983. Working at Noll Laboratory, Kenney is researching the effects of aging and disease states such as hypertension on the control of blood flow to human skin and has been continuously funded by NIH since 1983. He also studies the effects of heat, cold, and dehydration on various aspects of health, exercise, and athletic performance as well as the biophysics of heat exchange between humans and the environment. He is the author of almost 300 papers, books, book chapters, and other publications. Kenney was president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) from 2003 to 2004. He is a fellow of the ACSM and of the American Physiological Society (APS). For his service to the university and his field, Kenney was awarded Penn State University's Faculty Scholar Medal, the Evan G. and Helen G. Pattishall Outstanding Research Achievement Award, and the Pauline Schmitt Russell Distinguished Research Career Award. He was awarded ACSM's Citation Award in 2008 and Honor Award in 2023, as well as the APS' EEP Honor Award in 2024. Kenney has been a member of the editorial and advisory boards for multiple journals. He is also an active grant reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and many other organizations. He and his wife, Patti, have three adult children, all of whom were Division I college athletes. Jack H. Wilmore, PhD, retired in 2003 from Texas A&M University as a distinguished professor in the department of health and kinesiology. From 1985 to 1997, Wilmore was chair of the department of kinesiology and health education and the Margie Gurley Seay Centennial Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Before that, he served on the faculties at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and Ithaca College. Wilmore earned his PhD in physical education from the University of Oregon in 1966. Wilmore published 53 chapters, more than 320 peer-reviewed research papers, and 15 books on exercise physiology. He was one of five principal investigators for the HERITAGE Family Study, a large multicenter clinical trial investigating the possible genetic basis for the variability in the responses of physiological measures and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes to endurance exercise training. Wilmore's research interests included determining the role of exercise in the prevention and control of both obesity and coronary heart disease, determining the mechanisms accounting for alterations in physiological function with training and detraining, and factors limiting the performance of elite athletes. A former president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), Wilmore received ACSM's Honor Award in 2006. In addition to serving as chair for many ACSM organizational committees, Wilmore was on the United States Olympic Committee's Sports Medicine Council and chaired their Research Committee. He was a member of the American Physiological Society and a fellow and former president of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Wilmore consulted for several professional sport teams, the California Highway Patrol, the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force. He also served on editorial boards of several journals. Wilmore passed away during the preparation of the sixth edition of this text. David L. Costill, PhD, is the Emeritus John and Janice Fisher Chair in Exercise Science at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. He established the Ball State University Human Performance Laboratory in 1966 and served as its director for more than 32 years. Costill has written and coauthored more than 430 publications over the course of his career, including six books and articles in both peer-reviewed and lay publications. He was the original editor in chief of the International Journal of Sports Medicine for 12 years. Between 1971 and 1998, he averaged 25 U.S. and international lecture trips each year. He was president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) from 1976 to 1977, a member of its board of trustees for 12 years, and a recipient of ACSM's Citation Award and Honor Award. He has received numerous other honors, including an honorary doctoral degree from the Stockholm School of Physical Education, the Professional Achievement Award from Ohio State University, the President's Medal of Distinction at Ball State University, and the Distinguished Alumni Award from Cuyahoga Falls Public Schools. Many of his former students are now leaders in the fields of exercise physiology, medicine, and science. Costill received his PhD in physical education and physiology from Ohio State University in 1965. He and his wife of 58 years, Judy, have two daughters. Now retired, Dr. Costill is a private pilot, auto and experimental airplane builder, competitive masters swimmer, and former marathon runner.